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The modern 5th string banjo can be traced back to the 1820’s here in America. Prior to that the instrument existed as a gourd design with a neck attached and varying number of strings, and was of African origin.
The Appalachian fiddle is basically the same as a violin.
The guitar originated in Spain, its introduction into Appalachian music came by way of Spanish settlers in the American Southwest.
The mandolin features prominently in Bluegrass music.
More Appalachian Musical Instruments